Thạc sỹ: Nguyễn Thị Lập Trung tâm Bỗi dưỡng - Ngoại ngữ, Tin học
1. Mệnh đề chỉ mục đích:
Để diễn tả mục đích ta sử dụng các từ và cụm từ sau:
| to |
|
S + V + | so as (not) to | + V |
| in order (not) to |
|
I am studying hard so as to/ in order to/ to pass the final exam.
He walked so softly in order not to/ so as not to wake up the sleeping baby.
Hoặc ta có thể sử dụng “in order that/ so that”
He hurried so that he wouldn’t miss the train.
2. Mệnh đề chỉ lí do:
Để diễn tả một lí do hay nguyên nhân của một kết quả nào đó ta dùng “because/ as/ since”:
S + V + because/ as/ since + S + V |
Hoặc ta có thể sử dụng “because of”:
S + V + because of + N/ N phrase/ V(ing) |
She stayed at home because/ as/ since she was sick.
She stayed at home because of being sick/ her sickness.
3. Mệnh để chỉ sự nhượng bộ:
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ sự nhượng bộ thường được bắt đầu bằng những từ nối: “although, even though, though”:
| although | + clause |
Clause + | though | |
| even though |
Cấu trúc trên có thể được viết lại bằng “Despite/ In spite of”:
In spite of | + N/ N phrase/ V(ing) |
Despite |
Although/ Though/ Even though the weather was very bad, we had a picnic.
→ In spite of/ Despite the bad weather, we had a picnic.
Or In spite of/ Despite the fact that the weather was very bad, we had a picnic.
4. Cấu trúc với “It’s (high) time”:
Diễn tả đã đến lúc, thời gian ai đó phải làm gì:
It’s time | + S + V-ed+ O (to be® were) |
It’s high time |
Cấu trúc trên có thể được viết lại bằng:
It’s time | + (for + O) + to + V |
It’s high time |
It’s (high) time we caught a bus home.
→ It’s (high) time for us to catch a bus home.
5. Cấu trúc với “would rather”:
Diễn đạt ai đó thích làm việc gì hơn làm việc gì đó:
S + would rather + V/N + than + V/N |
Cấu trúc trên có thể được viết lại bằng cấu trúc tương đương với “prefer”:
S + prefer + V(ing)/ N + to + V(ing)/ N |
He would rather watch TV than go to the cinema.
→ He prefers watching TV to going to the cinema.
He would rather tea than coffee.
→ He prefers tea to coffee.
Diễn đạt mong muốn ở hiện tại (trái với thực tế; muốn ai đó làm gì/ không làm gì thì tốt hơn).
S1 + would rather + S2 + | didn’t + V(inf) |
V-ed |
Động từ “to be” chia “were” cho tất cả các ngôi.
The teacher would rather his students did not come to class late.
I would rather it were summer now.
6. Cấu trúc với “used to”:
Diễn đạt một thói quen trong quá khứ:
S + used to + V(inf) |
I used to get up late when I was a little boy.
Diễn đạt việc làm quen, thích nghi với việc gì đó ở hiện tại (những việc mà ai đó đã quen làm ở hiện tại).
S + get/ be + used to + V(ing) |
I get/ am used to getting up early in the morning.
7. Cấu trúc đề nghị, gợi ý: Let’s + V
Why don’t we + V?
What about + V(ing)?
How about + V(ing)? Suggest + V(ing)
Shall we + V?
8. Viết lại câu với thì Quá khứ đơn và Hiện tại hoàn thành:
S + (last) + V-ed + ago... ó It’s + time + since + S + (last) + V-ed ó S + haven’t/ hasn’t + V(PII) + for + time ó The last time + S + V-ed + was + time |
We last saw each other 2 years ago.
→ It’s 2 years since we (last) saw each other.
→ We haven’t seen each other for 2 years.
→ The last time we saw each other was 2 years ago.
S + have/ has + never + V(PII) ó It’s the first time + S + have/ has + (ever) + V(PII) |
I have never seen a more interesting play than that one.
→ It’s the first time I have (ever) seen such an interesting play.
→ This is the most interesting play I have (ever) seen.
S + haven’t + V(PII) + since/ for + time ó The last time + S + V-ed + was + time |
I haven’t played tennis since 1990.
→ The last time I played tennis was in 1990.
9. Cấu trúc câu sử dụng “find” và chủ ngữ giả “it”.
S + find + it + adj + to + V ó It + be + adj + (for + O) + to + V |
We find it difficult to learn English pronunciation.
→ It is difficult for us to learn English pronunciation.
10. Cấu trúc với “spend” và “take”: spend time/ money doing something; take somebody sometime to do something, ....
We spend 15 minutes doing exercise every day.
→ It takes us 15 minutes to do exercise every day.
11. Một số cụm động từ (phrasal verbs) cần chú ý:
- look after: trông nom, chăm sóc
- look for: tìm kiếm
- name after: đặt tên theo (ai)...
- turn on: mở, bật (quạt, đèn, vòi nước)
- turn off: tắt, đóng, kho¸ (quạt, đèn, vòi nước)
- go on: tiếp tục
- give up: từ bỏ, bỏ...
..................
My father gave up smoking two years ago.
Turning off the light before leaving the classroom.
Ba is looking for his pen under the table.
12. Một số liên từ cơ bản sử dụng trong dạng bài tập nối câu: and, but, or, so, therefore, however...
- Hoa failed the English test. Therefore, she has to do the test again.
- It’s raining hard outside. However, we have to leave for school.
- Do you like watching action films or detective films?
* BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
1. Rewrite the sentences
1. He always drives carefully. He doesn’t want to cause accidents.
He always drives carefully in order not to _____________ .
2. I get up early in the morning. I want to go to school on time.
I get up early in the morning in order to _______________ .
3. She wore warm clothes. She didn’t want to get cold.
In order not to___________________________________ .
4. They save money. They want to buy a house in the city.
They save money in order to _______________________ .
5. We turned off the lights. We didn’t want to waste electricity.
We turned off the lights in order not to _______________ .
6. Because she behaves well, everybody loves her.
Because of good behavior,......______________________ .
7. Because of the heavy rain, we couldn’t go to school yesterday.
We couldn’t ...it rained heavily_____________________ .
8. The plane couldn’t take off because the fog was thick.
Because of thick fog______________________________ .
9. Because her mother was sick, Margaret stayed at home.
Because of her mother sickness,_____________________ .
10. She went to bed early because she felt tired.
She went to bed early because of tiredness_____________ .
11. It was very noisy but we continued to study our lessons.
Although ______________________________________ .
12. Although Bill took a taxi, he still arrived late for the concert.
In spite of______________________________________ .
13. It rained a lot but we enjoyed our holiday so much.
Even though____________________________________ .
14. Although the traffic was bad, I arrived at the cinema on time.
Despite________________________________________ .
15. I was very tired but I couldn’t sleep.
I couldn’t sleep__________________________________ .
16. That restaurant is so dirty that no one wants to eat there.
It is such_______________________________________ .
17. Linh is a better cook than Hoa.
Hoa can’t______________________________________ .
18. The government should really do something about air pollution.
It's (high) time__________________________________ .
19. He had better get back to work.
It's (high) time__________________________________ .
20. You ought to go to see the doctor now.
It’s time you ___________________________________ .
21. I would rather tea than coffee.
I prefer________________________________________ .
22. Quang would rather stay home to study than go out for a walk.
Quang prefers __________________________________ .
23. “Would you mind not smoking in here?”
I’d rather ______________________________________ .
24. We prefer playing soccer to going swimming this afternoon.
We’d rather ____________________________________ .
25. Please don’t go to school late again.
I’d rather ______________________________________ .
26. My father usually smoked a lot but now he doesn’t smoke any more.
My father used to ________________________________ .
27. Did you often go to church on Sundays when you were young?
Did you use____________________________________ ?
28. I find it difficult to get up early.
It is___________________________________________ .
29. Lan spent two hours doing her homework every evening last year.
Lan used to ____________________________________ .
30. It’s not easy to drive on the left.
We don’t get ___________________________________ .
31. Why don’t we go out for a meal tonight?
How about _____________________________________ ?
32. What about going to the cinema with me this Saturday, Lan?
How about ____________________________________ ?
33. He suggests using banana leaves to wrap food instead of plastic bags.
Let’s use_______________________________________ .
34. Shall we play table tennis after school?
What about_____________________________________ .
35. Let’s help old people on the streets.
The teacher suggests______________________________ .
36. I began learning English 3 years ago.
I have _________________________________________ .
37. I haven’t seen that man here before.
It’s ___________________________________________ .
38. She hasn’t visited her former school for five years.
The last time____________________________________ .
39. I last met her in 2010.
I haven’t_______________________________________ .
40. I have worked for this company for two years.
It’s two years ___________________________________ .
41. Learning English is necessary today.
It is __________________________________________ .
42. Using a computer is very simple.
It is __________________________________________ .
43. Learning a little English is not difficult.
It is __________________________________________ .
44. We find it difficult to express our ideas in English.
It is __________________________________________ .
45. It’s not convenient for Vietnamese women to wear Ao dai at work.
Vietnamese women find it _________________________ .
46. We spent 5 hours getting to London.
It took_________________________________________ .
47. It is an hour drive from Bac Ninh to Hanoi.
It takes ________________________________________ .
48. It took us 30 minutes to open the door.
We spent ______________________________________ .
49. He wrote the letter in two hours.
It took ________________________________________ .
50. I am very pleased that we shall meet again soon.
I’m looking ____________________________________ .
2. Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.
1. Although the traffic was heavy, he managed to get to the office in time.
A. In spite of the traffic was heavy, he managed to get to the office in time.
B. Because of the heavy traffice, he managed to get to the office in time.
C. In spite of the heavy traffic, he managed to get to the office in time.
D. Due to the traffice was heavy, he managed to get to the office in time.
2. This song is simple enough for us to sing.
A. This song is so simple that we can sing. B. This song is so simple that we can sing it.
C. This song is so simple for us to sing. D. It is such a simple song that we can sing.
3. The bag was too heavy for him to carry.
A. The bag wasn’t enough light for him to carry.
B. The bag was so heavy that he couldn’t carry.
C. It was such a heavy bag for him to carry.
D. It was such a heavy bag that he couldn’t carry it.
4. The cake was too hot for him to eat.
A. The cake was so hot that for him to eat. B. The cake was so hot that he could eat.
C. The cake was so hot that he couldn’t eat it. D. The cake was so hot that he can’t eat it.
5. He hurried to the station. He didn’t want to miss the train.
A. He hurried to the station so that he couldn’t miss the train.
B. He hurried to the station in order that he couldn’t miss the train.
C. H hurried to the station in order not to miss the train.
D. All are correct.
6. I often get up early.
A. I’m used to get up early. B. I can get up early.
C. I like to get up early. D. I’m used to getting up early
7. Because of his bad leg, he walked slowly.
A. Because his leg was bad, he walked slowly.
B. Because his bad leg, he walked slowly.
C. If his leg was bad, he walked slowly.
D. Although his leg was bad, he walked slowly.
8. “You/d better apologise for being late” said my mother.
A. My mother advised me to apologise for being late.
B. My mother suggested me to apologise for being late.
C. My mother advised me apologising for being late.
D. My mother warned me to apologise for being late.
9. She started learning English ten years ago.
A.She has not learnt English before. B. She has learnt English since ten years.
C.She has started learning English for ten years. D. She has learnt English for ten years.
10. It’s two years since he last went home.
A. He hasn’t gone home for two years.B. The last time he went home was two years ago.
C. He didn’t go home two years ago. D. Both A & B are correct.
11. She began to play the piano three years ago.
A. She has played the piano since three years. B. She has played the piano for three years
C. She doesn’t play the piano now. D. She stops playing the piano now.
12. To learn a foreign language in a week is impossible.
A. It is impossible to learn a foreign language in a week.
B. It is impossible for learning a foreign language in a week.
C. Learning a foreign language is impossible in a week.
D. It is impossible to learning a foreign language in a week.
13. “Shall we go for a ride?”
A. “What about go for a ride?” B. “How about going for a ride?”
C. “What about going for a ride?” D. B and C
14. John finished his essay in two hours.
A. It took John two hours to finish his essay. B. John took two hours to finishing his essay.
C. It took two hours finishing his essay. D. John's essay lasted two hours.
15. He stopped smoking last year.
A. He began smoking last year. B. He has not smoked for a year.
C. He has smoked for a year. D. He no longer smoked.
16. We have been cooking for the party for four hours.
A. We didn’t start cooking for the party until four.
B. We started cooking for the party four hours ago.
C. We have four cooks for the party.
D. Cooking for the party will be done in four hours.
17. She hasn’t played the piano for five years.
A. She didn’t play the piano since five years.
B. The last time she played the piano was five years ago.
C. The last time she played the piano five years ago.
D. She played the piano five years.
18. I don't listen to the radio any more.
A. I don't want to listen to the radio any more. B. I used the radio to listen to.
C. I used to listen to the radio. D. I didn't listen to the radio.
19. I haven’t seen her for months.
A. It’s months when I last saw her. B. It’s months since I last saw her.
C. It’s months after I last saw her. D. It’s months before I last saw her.
20. Alice said, “Why don’t you get a new lock for the front door?”
A. Alice suggested to get a new lock for the front door.
B. It’s necessary for Alice to have a new lock.
C. Alice wanted to have a new lock.
D.Alice suggested getting a new lock for the front door.
III. Kết luận
Trong tiếng Anh, ngữ pháp là phần không thể thiếu. Có nhiều lý do cần chú ý học ngữ pháp tiếng Anh. Việc nắm vững các cấu trúc trong chương trình tiếng Anh cơ bản và cách sử dụng chúng là rất quan trọng, góp phần trong việc nắm chắc kiến thức cốt lõi, cải thiện kỹ năng nghe, nói, đọc viết và thành thạo sử dụng tiếng Anh.